Dr. Matthew Johnson, a professor of psychiatry at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, specializes in using psychedelics to treat mental disorders. His research focuses on how compounds like Psilocybin and LSD can reshape neural circuitry to combat depression and trauma. Dr. Johnson's work has been featured in the press, where he discusses the use of psychedelics for microdosing and macrodosing in mental disorder treatment. The conversation provides insights into the past, present, and future of psychedelic treatments. Psychedelics are substances that profoundly alter one's sense of reality and sense of self. They can be categorized into different classes of compounds and impact neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin and dopamine. Psychedelics can induce hallucinations, synesthesia, and altered space-time perception. They have therapeutic potential in treating mental disorders and can reshape one's sense of self. Integrating psychedelic learnings into daily life is crucial, and there are risks associated with their use. Microdosing, legal status, and the potential for treating concussion and traumatic brain injury with psychedelics are also discussed. Participating in clinical trials and supporting the podcast are encouraged.
Introducing Dr. Matthew Johnson
Dr. Matthew Johnson, a professor of psychiatry at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, is an expert in using psychedelics to treat mental disorders. His research focuses on how compounds like Psilocybin and LSD can reshape neural circuitry to combat depression and trauma. Dr. Johnson's work has been featured in the press, where he discusses the use of psychedelics for microdosing and macrodosing in mental disorder treatment. This conversation provides insights into the past, present, and future of psychedelic treatments.
- Dr. Matthew Johnson is a professor of psychiatry at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.
- He specializes in using psychedelics to treat mental disorders.
- His research focuses on how compounds like Psilocybin and LSD can reshape neural circuitry.
- The goal is to combat diseases such as depression and trauma.
- Dr. Johnson's work has been featured in the press.
- He discusses the use of psychedelics for microdosing and macrodosing in mental disorder treatment.
- The conversation provides insights into the past, present, and future of psychedelic treatments.
‘Psychedelics’ Defined
A psychedelic is a substance that has the ability to profoundly alter one's sense of reality and sense of self. It encompasses different pharmacological classes of compounds, including classic psychedelics such as LSD, psilocybin, DMT, and mescaline. These substances can be found in various plants and fungi.
Key points:
- Psychedelics can be categorized into tryptamine-based compounds and phenethylamine-based compounds.
- The receptor effects of psychedelics determine their behavioral and subjective effects.
- Classic psychedelics act as agonists at the serotonin 2A receptor.
- Other classes of compounds include NMDA antagonists like ketamine and PCP, as well as Salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid agonist derived from the plant Salvia divinorum.
- MDMA, also known as entactogen, is a unique psychedelic that enhances emotional connection and empathy by releasing serotonin and other monoamines.
- Psychedelics impact different neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin and dopamine.
Hallucinations, Synesthesia, Altered Space-Time Perception
Psychedelics can induce hallucinations and synesthesia, altering perception of time and space. Key points include:
- Hallucinogenic drugs disrupt our predictive models and expectations, leading to mind-blowing experiences when our predictions are violated.
- Altered perceptions can sometimes lead to extreme cases where individuals believe they can fly or jump out of windows, although such cases are rare.
- Rare cases of convincing hallucinations have been reported, such as trying to dive through a painting on the wall.
- Understanding universal themes from psychedelic experiences is useful for those unfamiliar with their effects.
Serotonin & Dopamine
The serotonin and dopamine systems are important neuromodulator systems that modulate other circuits and change behavior. Compounds like LSD and psilocybin primarily target the serotonin system, leading to profoundly different experiences. Serotonin itself leads to contentment, while the dopamine system focuses on the external world and possibilities. The interface between psychedelics and neuroscience is explored, including the effects of these drugs on neurotransmitters and activation levels. Classic psychedelics have a two-way activation and can increase glutamate transmission.
Ketamine & Glutamate
Ketamine & Glutamate Summary:
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic used recreationally for euphoria and therapeutically for mental disorders. It can induce hallucinations and unconsciousness.
- Ketamine, specifically Spravato, is FDA-approved for treatment-resistant depression.
- Higher doses of ketamine have been used successfully as psychedelic therapy for addiction.
- Limited research exists on ketamine as psychedelic therapy.
- Spravato's antidepressant effects last about a week, shorter than most psychiatric drugs.
- Ketamine may have similar therapeutic effects as classic psychedelics, but with a different pharmacological profile.
- Ketamine could be used in psychedelic therapy sessions, similar to psilocybin.
An Example Psychedelic Experiment
An example psychedelic experiment involves the administration of psilocybin to participants for therapeutic purposes. The experiment includes a preparation phase, screening for disorders and health, and therapeutic rapport building. The effects of psychedelics are unpredictable and vary between individuals. Psilocybin activates receptors in a different way than serotonin. The experiment involves administering different doses of psilocybin, typically in the form of a pill. The desired dose range for a psychedelic effect is between 20 and 30 milligrams. Cognitive tasks during the session can hinder the therapeutic response. Preparation and creating a comfortable environment are crucial for a successful psychedelic experience. The goal is to provide therapy and allow the person to let go of control.
‘Letting Go’ with Psychedelics
Letting go with psychedelics involves a shift in perception and a release of control. The goal is to expand one's perceptual bubble and explore thoughts and sensations without fear or judgment. Key points include:
- Psychedelics induce intense focus and perception of the extraordinary.
- This intense focus can impair everyday tasks and is related to habituation.
- Psychedelics can be used therapeutically to expand perceptual bubbles and focus attention.
- Safety measures, such as monitoring and medication, ensure a positive experience.
- Wearing eye shades can enhance inner-sight and prevent distractions.
- Breath control plays a role in psychedelic experiences.
Our Mind’s Eye
The mind's eye refers to the subjective experience of perception, which can be altered by psychedelic compounds like psilocybin. Some individuals may perceive brighter colors or subtle visual distortions, but true hallucinations are more commonly associated with anticholinergic drugs. Psilocybin expands a narrow percept, providing insights and learning experiences. Psychedelics have therapeutic effects in treating depression, with outcomes similar across individuals. The focus is on biological and psychological aspects. In a psychedelic state, intense emotions can be developed towards ordinary objects, leading to a better relationship with oneself and the world.
Redefining Your Sense of Self
Psychedelic experiences have the potential to redefine one's sense of self by altering perception and deepening the connection with the universe. This transformation is not limited to supernatural thinking and can be experienced by atheists as well. The expansion of the perceptual bubble allows individuals to see ordinary objects in a profound and extraordinary way.
Key points:
- The sense of self can be divided into the somatic sense and the conceptual sense.
- The words "I am" shape how one perceives themselves and interacts with the world.
- Psychedelics, combined with therapy, can reshape one's perception of self and demonstrate neuroplasticity.
- More research is needed in the potential therapeutic effects of psychedelics.
- Changes in self-representation through psychedelics can lead to a shift in identity and perspective.
- Psychedelics have shown potential in treating mental disorders such as PTSD.
- Experiences involving neuromodulators like serotonin and dopamine can reshape neural circuitry and alter self-perception.
Exporting Psychedelic Learnings to Daily Life
The most profound aspect of the topic is the importance of integrating psychedelic learnings into daily life and taking them seriously.
Key points:
- Psychedelic experiences have therapeutic potential and can help individuals learn and grow.
- Transitioning from a psychedelic experience back into daily life can be challenging.
- More research is needed on different approaches to integration, such as writing or talking about the experience.
- After a psychedelic experience, participants are encouraged to write about their experience without being self-critical.
- Integration sessions are conducted to discuss the experience and explore its implications for daily life.
- It is important to take psychedelic experiences seriously and not dismiss them as mere drug effects.
- A supportive and curious attitude towards individuals who have had profound psychedelic experiences is necessary.
- After psychedelic therapy sessions, follow-up discussions are conducted to encourage individuals to apply their insights and experiences in their own lives.
- Supportive therapy, using reflective listening and unconditional positive regard, is used to help individuals integrate psychedelic learnings.
- Individuals are advised to wait for two weeks before making big decisions based on psychedelic insights.
- The sober mind should evaluate decisions, such as not getting a puppy or making commitments like marriage, until after a period of reflection.
Flashbacks
Flashbacks, specifically related to the use of psychedelics, are a complex phenomenon. They can be triggered by factors such as dose, purity, and polypharmacology of the substance. Hallucinogen-persisting perceptual disorder (HPPD) is a rare condition associated with persisting visual disturbances. However, HPPD is not observed in controlled psychedelic studies. Flashbacks can also occur without psychedelic use, triggered by substances like alcohol and cannabis. These flashbacks are not distressing or perceptual. Flashbacks involve neuroplasticity, reshaping neural circuits, and their duration varies between individuals.
Ayahuasca, & ASMR, Kundalini Breathing
The use of psychedelics, specifically Ayahuasca, has shown potential in treating mental disorders. These substances have been reported to increase the sense of ASMR (autonomous sensory meridian reflexes) in individuals, providing relief and enhancing the ability to generate these pleasurable sensations. ASMR, often hidden and kept secret, is becoming more popular on the internet. Additionally, the conversation touches on Kundalini breathing, a practice that can lead to a sense of self outside of the body. The potential for psychedelics to reorganize one's sense of self is highlighted, along with the mention of a rare condition where individuals seek amputation of their limbs due to a disconnect with their body. Flashbacks are not inherent to the psychedelic experience.
MDMA, DMT
MDMA and DMT are being explored for their potential in treating mental disorders, particularly trauma and PTSD. MDMA is used clinically for trauma, while psilocybin may be effective for treating PTSD. Underground therapists have reported positive outcomes with these substances. MDMA has a lower risk of causing a "bad trip" compared to classic psychedelics. The use of brain imaging may help understand how individuals handle letting go during these experiences. DMT forces individuals to fully surrender to the psychedelic experience. Terence McKenna, a well-known advocate of psychedelics, believed in their profound effects on reality. The perception of psychedelics has shifted from being associated with subcultures to being studied by professionals. Scientific evidence supports the therapeutic potential of psychedelics.
Dangers of Psychedelics, Bad Trips, Long-Lasting Psychosis
The dangers of psychedelics, specifically bad trips and long-lasting psychosis, are discussed in the video. The speaker emphasizes the need for responsible use and cautions against inexperienced individuals experimenting with psychedelics. Key points include:
- Individuals with severe psychiatric illnesses are at a higher risk of destabilization when using psychedelics.
- Predisposition or active disease may make individuals more susceptible to negative effects.
- Psychedelics may have potential therapeutic benefits for schizophrenia, but caution is needed.
- Bipolar disorder may be exacerbated by psychedelics, potentially leading to prolonged psychiatric issues.
- Early childhood trauma may make individuals more susceptible to negative experiences with psychedelics.
- Context and the right environment are crucial for preventing negative long-term effects, especially for those with a predisposition to psychosis.
- Bad trips can occur even in psychologically healthy individuals, but they are typically manageable.
- Excessive behavior with psychedelics, like with other extreme activities, can lead to harm or even death.
- Different biological makeups can lead to extreme reactions to the same drug, highlighting the need for clinical trials to understand effects and potential benefits.
- Medically approved practices differ from self-administration of drugs.
Micro-Dosing
Microdosing refers to taking small doses of powerful compounds, such as LSD or psilocybin, to achieve therapeutic effects without hallucinations. It involves accurately measuring the dose and taking a fraction of the solution. Typical microdoses range from 10-20 milligrams for LSD and one or two milligrams for psilocybin. However, there is limited clinical evidence to support the effectiveness of microdosing in improving mental well-being. Some believe it can be a substitute for ADHD medications and traditional antidepressants, but more research is needed. Microdosing psychedelics may have mixed effects, and the specific system of microdosing has not been extensively studied. There is potential for treating mental disorders with microdosing, but concerns about heart health and cumulative negative effects exist. It is important to carefully consider the potential risks and benefits before microdosing.
Risks for Kids, Adolescents & Teenagers; Future Clinical Trials
The plasticity of the brain throughout life and the risks and potential benefits of young people taking psychedelics are discussed. The age of 25 is mentioned as a point where the nervous system becomes more rigid, but plasticity still exists. There is currently no formal research on psychedelics for therapeutic purposes in individuals under 18, but future studies are likely. The FDA is interested in exploring psychedelics in young people and has incentives for research. The risks of using psychedelics for mental disorders in children, adolescents, and teenagers are highlighted, along with the need for inclusive research. The focus is on treatment-resistant conditions and concerns about the developing brain. Dr. Matthew Johnson emphasizes the importance of safe clinical trials to address these risks.
Legal Status: Decriminalization vs. Legalization vs. Regulation
The legal status of psychedelics in the US is complex and varies depending on the jurisdiction. While some cities or states have decriminalized psychedelics, possession and sale can still lead to criminal charges. Prescription use is being legalized for therapeutic purposes. There is growing interest and investment in psychedelics as therapeutics, leading to speculation about potential taxation. Psychedelics are currently classified as Schedule I compounds at the federal level. Local enforcement is more likely than federal intervention. Oregon is working on legalizing psilocybin therapy, but integration with federal regulations is uncertain. Different professionals may administer psilocybin, and oversight is needed. The current model of drug criminalization is not sustainable, and a shift towards regulation is expected. The focus should be on medical research and controlled settings. MDMA is expected to gain approval for medical use.
Psychedelics for Treating Concussion & Traumatic Brain Injury
Psychedelics, specifically psilocybin, have the potential to treat and possibly reverse neurological injuries such as concussions and traumatic brain injuries. These injuries are not limited to sports-related incidents, but also occur in professions like construction and the military. The use of psychedelics for these conditions is still in the exploratory stage, but there are promising anecdotes suggesting their effectiveness. This research goes beyond the treatment of psychiatric disorders and focuses on the neurological aspect of injury.
Key points:
- Psychedelics have shown potential in improving cognitive function, memory, and mood in individuals with repetitive head impact injuries.
- Research on rodents has demonstrated neural plasticity, such as dendrite growth and new connections forming, after the administration of psychedelic compounds.
- There is potential for psychedelics to aid in the recovery of various neurological disorders, including stroke.
- However, more research is needed to fully understand the effects and determine optimal dosages and treatment protocols.
Shifting Trends in Psychedelic Research, Academic Culture
Summary:
The shifting trends in psychedelic research and academic culture are highlighted in these summaries. Key points include the difficulty in obtaining funding from traditional sources, the role of philanthropy and private foundations in supporting research, the exploration of psychedelics for treating mental disorders, the impact of funding on research capabilities, the involvement of organizations like the Heffter Research Institute and the Beckley Institute, the study of profound experiences with psychedelic compounds, the increase in funding for psychedelic studies, the impact of a $17 million gift on research, the engagement of scientists and clinicians in the dialogue, the recognition of mental health problems and the potential role of psychedelics in changing brain circuitry, the importance of securing grants in academia, the limited impact of academic work, the emergence of a psychedelic startup industry, the FDA's designation of psilocybin and MDMA as breakthrough therapies, the promising results of research, the potential availability of psychedelic treatments in the future, and the increasing interest in psychedelics in academia.
Participating in a Clinical Trial, Online Survey Studies, Breathwork
Participating in a Clinical Trial, Online Survey Studies, Breathwork
- Dr. Matthew Johnson emphasizes the availability of clinical trials and research studies for trauma, PTSD, and depression treatment.
- Finding ongoing studies and surveys can be done through the research institution's website or a Google search.
- Treatment for mental disorders using psychedelics should be done within the context of a specific study and with a supportive team.
- Over 40 ongoing studies involving psilocybin and other psychedelics can be found on Clinicaltrials.gov.
- Breathwork studies for depression and anxiety are also available for participation.
- Participating in clinical trials and online survey studies is crucial for gathering data on the effectiveness of psychedelic treatments.
Conclusions, Subscribing & Supporting the HLP, Supplements
The most profound aspect of the text is the speaker's encouragement for viewers to subscribe, leave comments, and support the podcast through various means.
- Viewers are encouraged to subscribe to the YouTube channel and leave comments and suggestions for future podcast topics and guests.
- Subscriptions on Apple and Spotify, along with five-star reviews and comments on Apple, are requested.
- The speaker mentions sponsors as a way to support the podcast.
- The partnership with Thorne, a company offering high-quality supplements with precise ingredient amounts, is discussed.
- Viewers can get 20% off any supplements on the Thorne website through the provided portal.
- The speaker mentions the Patreon page, where viewers can support the podcast at any level.
- The conclusion expresses gratitude to viewers for their interest in science.